MySQL Reference Manual for version 4.0.20a.

• 1 General Information
  • 1.1 About This Manual
    • 1.1.1 Conventions Used in This Manual
  • 1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
    • 1.2.1 History of MySQL
    • 1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
    • 1.2.3 MySQL Stability
    • 1.2.4 How Big MySQL Tables Can Be
    • 1.2.5 Year 2000 Compliance
  • 1.3 Overview of MySQL AB
    • 1.3.1 The Business Model and Services of MySQL AB
      • 1.3.1.1 Support
      • 1.3.1.2 Training and Certification
      • 1.3.1.3 Consulting
      • 1.3.1.4 Commercial Licenses
      • 1.3.1.5 Partnering
    • 1.3.2 Contact Information
  • 1.4 MySQL Support and Licensing
    • 1.4.1 Support Offered by MySQL AB
    • 1.4.2 Copyrights and Licenses Used by MySQL
    • 1.4.3 MySQL Licenses
      • 1.4.3.1 Using the MySQL Software Under a Commercial License
      • 1.4.3.2 Using the MySQL Software for Free Under GPL
    • 1.4.4 MySQL AB Logos and Trademarks
      • 1.4.4.1 The Original MySQL Logo
      • 1.4.4.2 MySQL Logos That May Be Used Without Written Permission
      • 1.4.4.3 When You Need Written Permission to Use MySQL Logos
      • 1.4.4.4 MySQL AB Partnership Logos
      • 1.4.4.5 Using the Word MySQL in Printed Text or Presentations
      • 1.4.4.6 Using the Word MySQL in Company and Product Names
  • 1.5 MySQL Development Roadmap
    • 1.5.1 MySQL 4.0 in a Nutshell
      • 1.5.1.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.0
      • 1.5.1.2 The Embedded MySQL Server
    • 1.5.2 MySQL 4.1 in a Nutshell
      • 1.5.2.1 Features Available in MySQL 4.1
      • 1.5.2.2 Stepwise Rollout
      • 1.5.2.3 Ready for Immediate Development Use
    • 1.5.3 MySQL 5.0: The Next Development Release
  • 1.6 MySQL and the Future (the TODO)
    • 1.6.1 New Features Planned for 4.1
    • 1.6.2 New Features Planned for 5.0
    • 1.6.3 New Features Planned for 5.1
    • 1.6.4 New Features Planned for the Near Future
    • 1.6.5 New Features Planned for the Mid-Term Future
    • 1.6.6 New Features We Don't Plan to Implement
  • 1.7 MySQL Information Sources
    • 1.7.1 MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.7.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists
      • 1.7.1.2 Asking Questions or Reporting Bugs
      • 1.7.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems
      • 1.7.1.4 Guidelines for Answering Questions on the Mailing List
    • 1.7.2 MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
  • 1.8 MySQL Standards Compliance
    • 1.8.1 What Standards MySQL Follows
    • 1.8.2 Selecting SQL Modes
    • 1.8.3 Running MySQL in ANSI Mode
    • 1.8.4 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
    • 1.8.5 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
      • 1.8.5.1 Subqueries
      • 1.8.5.2 SELECT INTO TABLE
      • 1.8.5.3 Transactions and Atomic Operations
      • 1.8.5.4 Stored Procedures and Triggers
      • 1.8.5.5 Foreign Keys
      • 1.8.5.6 Views
      • 1.8.5.7 `--' as the Start of a Comment
    • 1.8.6 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
      • 1.8.6.1 Constraint PRIMARY KEY / UNIQUE
      • 1.8.6.2 Constraint NOT NULL and DEFAULT Values
      • 1.8.6.3 Constraint ENUM and SET
    • 1.8.7 Known Errors and Design Deficiencies in MySQL
      • 1.8.7.1 Errors in 3.23 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version
      • 1.8.7.2 Errors in 4.0 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version
      • 1.8.7.3 Open Bugs and Design Deficiencies in MySQL
• 2 Installing MySQL
  • 2.1 General Installation Issues
    • 2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL
    • 2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
      • 2.1.2.1 Choosing Which Version of MySQL to Install
      • 2.1.2.2 Choosing a Distribution Format
      • 2.1.2.3 How and When Updates Are Released
      • 2.1.2.4 Release Philosophy--No Known Bugs in Releases
      • 2.1.2.5 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
    • 2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
    • 2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
      • 2.1.4.1 Verifying the MD5 Checksum
      • 2.1.4.2 Signature Checking Using GnuPG
      • 2.1.4.3 Signature Checking Using RPM
    • 2.1.5 Installation Layouts
  • 2.2 Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution
    • 2.2.1 Installing MySQL on Windows
      • 2.2.1.1 Windows System Requirements
      • 2.2.1.2 Installing a Windows Binary Distribution
      • 2.2.1.3 Preparing the Windows MySQL Environment
      • 2.2.1.4 Selecting a Windows Server
      • 2.2.1.5 Starting the Server for the First Time
      • 2.2.1.6 Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line
      • 2.2.1.7 Starting MySQL as a Windows Service
      • 2.2.1.8 Running MySQL Client Programs on Windows
      • 2.2.1.9 MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix
    • 2.2.2 Installing MySQL on Linux
    • 2.2.3 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
    • 2.2.4 Installing MySQL on NetWare
    • 2.2.5 Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems
  • 2.3 MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution
    • 2.3.1 Source Installation Overview
    • 2.3.2 Typical configure Options
    • 2.3.3 Installing from the Development Source Tree
    • 2.3.4 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
    • 2.3.5 MIT-pthreads Notes
    • 2.3.6 Installing MySQL from Source on Windows
      • 2.3.6.1 Building MySQL Using VC++
      • 2.3.6.2 Creating a Windows Source Package from the Latest Development Source
    • 2.3.7 Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows
  • 2.4 Post-Installation Setup and Testing
    • 2.4.1 Windows Post-Installation Procedures
    • 2.4.2 Unix Post-Installation Procedures
      • 2.4.2.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db
      • 2.4.2.2 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
      • 2.4.2.3 Starting and Troubleshooting the MySQL Server
    • 2.4.3 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
  • 2.5 Upgrading/Downgrading MySQL
    • 2.5.1 Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0
    • 2.5.2 Upgrading from Version 4.0 to 4.1
    • 2.5.3 Upgrading from Version 3.23 to 4.0
    • 2.5.4 Upgrading from Version 3.22 to 3.23
    • 2.5.5 Upgrading from Version 3.21 to 3.22
    • 2.5.6 Upgrading from Version 3.20 to 3.21
    • 2.5.7 Upgrading MySQL Under Windows
    • 2.5.8 Upgrading the Grant Tables
    • 2.5.9 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
  • 2.6 Operating System-Specific Notes
    • 2.6.1 Linux Notes
      • 2.6.1.1 Linux Operating System Notes
      • 2.6.1.2 Linux Binary Distribution Notes
      • 2.6.1.3 Linux Source Distribution Notes
      • 2.6.1.4 Linux Post-Installation Notes
      • 2.6.1.5 Linux x86 Notes
      • 2.6.1.6 Linux SPARC Notes
      • 2.6.1.7 Linux Alpha Notes
      • 2.6.1.8 Linux PowerPC Notes
      • 2.6.1.9 Linux MIPS Notes
      • 2.6.1.10 Linux IA-64 Notes
    • 2.6.2 Mac OS X Notes
      • 2.6.2.1 Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin)
      • 2.6.2.2 Mac OS X Server 1.2 (Rhapsody)
    • 2.6.3 Solaris Notes
      • 2.6.3.1 Solaris 2.7/2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.3.2 Solaris x86 Notes
    • 2.6.4 BSD Notes
      • 2.6.4.1 FreeBSD Notes
      • 2.6.4.2 NetBSD Notes
      • 2.6.4.3 OpenBSD 2.5 Notes
      • 2.6.4.4 OpenBSD 2.8 Notes
      • 2.6.4.5 BSD/OS Version 2.x Notes
      • 2.6.4.6 BSD/OS Version 3.x Notes
      • 2.6.4.7 BSD/OS Version 4.x Notes
    • 2.6.5 Other Unix Notes
      • 2.6.5.1 HP-UX Version 10.20 Notes
      • 2.6.5.2 HP-UX Version 11.x Notes
      • 2.6.5.3 IBM-AIX notes
      • 2.6.5.4 SunOS 4 Notes
      • 2.6.5.5 Alpha-DEC-UNIX Notes (Tru64)
      • 2.6.5.6 Alpha-DEC-OSF/1 Notes
      • 2.6.5.7 SGI Irix Notes
      • 2.6.5.8 SCO Notes
      • 2.6.5.9 SCO UnixWare Version 7.1.x Notes
    • 2.6.6 OS/2 Notes
    • 2.6.7 BeOS Notes
  • 2.7 Perl Installation Notes
    • 2.7.1 Installing Perl on Unix
    • 2.7.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
    • 2.7.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
• 3 MySQL Tutorial
  • 3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
  • 3.2 Entering Queries
  • 3.3 Creating and Using a Database
    • 3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
    • 3.3.2 Creating a Table
    • 3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
    • 3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
      • 3.3.4.1 Selecting All Data
      • 3.3.4.2 Selecting Particular Rows
      • 3.3.4.3 Selecting Particular Columns
      • 3.3.4.4 Sorting Rows
      • 3.3.4.5 Date Calculations
      • 3.3.4.6 Working with NULL Values
      • 3.3.4.7 Pattern Matching
      • 3.3.4.8 Counting Rows
      • 3.3.4.9 Using More Than one Table
  • 3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
  • 3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
  • 3.6 Examples of Common Queries
    • 3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
    • 3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
    • 3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
    • 3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field
    • 3.6.5 Using User Variables
    • 3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
    • 3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
    • 3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
    • 3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
  • 3.7 Queries from the Twin Project
    • 3.7.1 Find All Non-distributed Twins
    • 3.7.2 Show a Table of Twin Pair Status
  • 3.8 Using MySQL with Apache
• 4 Using MySQL Programs
  • 4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs
  • 4.2 Invoking MySQL Programs
  • 4.3 Specifying Program Options
    • 4.3.1 Using Options on the Command Line
    • 4.3.2 Using Option Files
    • 4.3.3 Using Environment Variables to Specify Options
    • 4.3.4 Using Options to Set Program Variables
• 5 Database Administration
  • 5.1 The MySQL Server and Server Startup Scripts
    • 5.1.1 Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities
    • 5.1.2 The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server
    • 5.1.3 The mysqld_safe Server Startup Script
    • 5.1.4 The mysql.server Server Startup Script
    • 5.1.5 The mysqld_multi Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers
  • 5.2 Configuring the MySQL Server
    • 5.2.1 mysqld Command-Line Options
    • 5.2.2 The Server SQL Mode
    • 5.2.3 Server System Variables
      • 5.2.3.1 Dynamic System Variables
    • 5.2.4 Server Status Variables
  • 5.3 General Security Issues
    • 5.3.1 General Security Guidelines
    • 5.3.2 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
    • 5.3.3 Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security
    • 5.3.4 Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL
  • 5.4 The MySQL Access Privilege System
    • 5.4.1 What the Privilege System Does
    • 5.4.2 How the Privilege System Works
    • 5.4.3 Privileges Provided by MySQL
    • 5.4.4 Connecting to the MySQL Server
    • 5.4.5 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
    • 5.4.6 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
    • 5.4.7 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
    • 5.4.8 Causes of Access denied Errors
    • 5.4.9 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1
      • 5.4.9.1 Implications of Password Hashing Changes for Application Programs
      • 5.4.9.2 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1.0
  • 5.5 MySQL User Account Management
    • 5.5.1 MySQL Usernames and Passwords
    • 5.5.2 Adding New User Accounts to MySQL
    • 5.5.3 Removing User Accounts from MySQL
    • 5.5.4 Limiting Account Resources
    • 5.5.5 Assigning Account Passwords
    • 5.5.6 Keeping Your Password Secure
    • 5.5.7 Using Secure Connections
      • 5.5.7.1 Basic SSL Concepts
      • 5.5.7.2 Requirements
      • 5.5.7.3 Setting Up SSL Certificates for MySQL
      • 5.5.7.4 SSL GRANT Options
      • 5.5.7.5 SSL Command-Line Options
      • 5.5.7.6 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
  • 5.6 Disaster Prevention and Recovery
    • 5.6.1 Database Backups
    • 5.6.2 Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
      • 5.6.2.1 myisamchk Invocation Syntax
      • 5.6.2.2 General Options for myisamchk
      • 5.6.2.3 Check Options for myisamchk
      • 5.6.2.4 Repair Options for myisamchk
      • 5.6.2.5 Other Options for myisamchk
      • 5.6.2.6 myisamchk Memory Usage
      • 5.6.2.7 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
      • 5.6.2.8 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
      • 5.6.2.9 How to Repair Tables
      • 5.6.2.10 Table Optimization
    • 5.6.3 Setting Up a Table Maintenance Schedule
    • 5.6.4 Getting Information About a Table
  • 5.7 MySQL Localization and International Usage
    • 5.7.1 The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting
      • 5.7.1.1 Using the German Character Set
    • 5.7.2 Setting the Error Message Language
    • 5.7.3 Adding a New Character Set
    • 5.7.4 The Character Definition Arrays
    • 5.7.5 String Collating Support
    • 5.7.6 Multi-byte Character Support
    • 5.7.7 Problems With Character Sets
  • 5.8 The MySQL Log Files
    • 5.8.1 The Error Log
    • 5.8.2 The General Query Log
    • 5.8.3 The Update Log
    • 5.8.4 The Binary Log
    • 5.8.5 The Slow Query Log
    • 5.8.6 Log File Maintenance
  • 5.9 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
    • 5.9.1 Running Multiple Servers on Windows
      • 5.9.1.1 Starting Multiple Windows Servers at the Command Line
      • 5.9.1.2 Starting Multiple Windows Servers as Services
    • 5.9.2 Running Multiple Servers on Unix
    • 5.9.3 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
  • 5.10 The MySQL Query Cache
    • 5.10.1 How the Query Cache Operates
    • 5.10.2 Query Cache SELECT Options
    • 5.10.3 Query Cache Configuration
    • 5.10.4 Query Cache Status and Maintenance
• 6 Replication in MySQL
  • 6.1 Introduction to Replication
  • 6.2 Replication Implementation Overview
  • 6.3 Replication Implementation Details
    • 6.3.1 Replication Master Thread States
    • 6.3.2 Replication Slave I/O Thread States
    • 6.3.3 Replication Slave SQL Thread States
    • 6.3.4 Replication Relay and Status Files
  • 6.4 How to Set Up Replication
  • 6.5 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
  • 6.6 Upgrading a Replication Setup
    • 6.6.1 Upgrading Replication to 4.0 or 4.1
    • 6.6.2 Upgrading Replication to 5.0
  • 6.7 Replication Features and Known Problems
  • 6.8 Replication Startup Options
  • 6.9 Replication FAQ
  • 6.10 Troubleshooting Replication
  • 6.11 Reporting Replication Bugs
• 7 MySQL Optimization
  • 7.1 Optimization Overview
    • 7.1.1 MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs
    • 7.1.2 Designing Applications for Portability
    • 7.1.3 What We Have Used MySQL For
    • 7.1.4 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
    • 7.1.5 Using Your Own Benchmarks
  • 7.2 Optimizing SELECT Statements and Other Queries
    • 7.2.1 EXPLAIN Syntax (Get Information About a SELECT)
    • 7.2.2 Estimating Query Performance
    • 7.2.3 Speed of SELECT Queries
    • 7.2.4 How MySQL Optimizes WHERE Clauses
    • 7.2.5 How MySQL Optimizes OR Clauses
    • 7.2.6 How MySQL Optimizes IS NULL
    • 7.2.7 How MySQL Optimizes DISTINCT
    • 7.2.8 How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN
    • 7.2.9 How MySQL Optimizes ORDER BY
    • 7.2.10 How MySQL Optimizes LIMIT
    • 7.2.11 How to Avoid Table Scans
    • 7.2.12 Speed of INSERT Queries
    • 7.2.13 Speed of UPDATE Queries
    • 7.2.14 Speed of DELETE Queries
    • 7.2.15 Other Optimization Tips
  • 7.3 Locking Issues
    • 7.3.1 Locking Methods
    • 7.3.2 Table Locking Issues
  • 7.4 Optimizing Database Structure
    • 7.4.1 Design Choices
    • 7.4.2 Make Your Data as Small as Possible
    • 7.4.3 Column Indexes
    • 7.4.4 Multiple-Column Indexes
    • 7.4.5 How MySQL Uses Indexes
    • 7.4.6 The MyISAM Key Cache
      • 7.4.6.1 Shared Key Cache Access
      • 7.4.6.2 Multiple Key Caches
      • 7.4.6.3 Midpoint Insertion Strategy
      • 7.4.6.4 Index Preloading
      • 7.4.6.5 Key Cache Block Size
      • 7.4.6.6 Restructuring a Key Cache
    • 7.4.7 How MySQL Counts Open Tables
    • 7.4.8 How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables
    • 7.4.9 Drawbacks to Creating Many Tables in the Same Database
  • 7.5 Optimizing the MySQL Server
    • 7.5.1 System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning
    • 7.5.2 Tuning Server Parameters
    • 7.5.3 Controlling Query Optimizer Performance
    • 7.5.4 How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL
    • 7.5.5 How MySQL Uses Memory
    • 7.5.6 How MySQL Uses DNS
  • 7.6 Disk Issues
    • 7.6.1 Using Symbolic Links
      • 7.6.1.1 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Unix
      • 7.6.1.2 Using Symbolic Links for Tables on Unix
      • 7.6.1.3 Using Symbolic Links for Databases on Windows
• 8 MySQL Client and Utility Programs
  • 8.1 Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities
  • 8.2 myisampack, the MySQL Compressed Read-only Table Generator
  • 8.3 mysql, the Command-Line Tool
    • 8.3.1 mysql Commands
    • 8.3.2 Executing SQL Statements from a Text File
    • 8.3.3 mysql Tips
      • 8.3.3.1 Displaying Query Results Vertically
      • 8.3.3.2 Using the --safe-updates Option
      • 8.3.3.3 Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect
  • 8.4 mysqladmin, Administering a MySQL Server
  • 8.5 The mysqlbinlog Binary Log Utility
  • 8.6 mysqlcc, the MySQL Control Center
  • 8.7 The mysqlcheck Table Maintenance and Repair Program
  • 8.8 The mysqldump Database Backup Program
  • 8.9 The mysqlhotcopy Database Backup Program
  • 8.10 The mysqlimport Data Import Program
  • 8.11 mysqlshow, Showing Databases, Tables, and Columns
  • 8.12 perror, Explaining Error Codes
  • 8.13 The replace String-replacement Utility
• 9 MySQL Language Reference
• 10 Language Structure
  • 10.1 Literal Values
    • 10.1.1 Strings
    • 10.1.2 Numbers
    • 10.1.3 Hexadecimal Values
    • 10.1.4 Boolean Values
    • 10.1.5 NULL Values
  • 10.2 Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names
    • 10.2.1 Identifier Qualifiers
    • 10.2.2 Identifier Case Sensitivity
  • 10.3 User Variables
  • 10.4 System Variables
    • 10.4.1 Structured System Variables
  • 10.5 Comment Syntax
  • 10.6 Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL
• 11 Character Set Support
  • 11.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
  • 11.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
  • 11.3 Determining the Default Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.1 Server Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.2 Database Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.3 Table Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.4 Column Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.5 Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment
    • 11.3.6 Connection Character Sets and Collations
    • 11.3.7 Character String Literal Character Set and Collation
    • 11.3.8 Using COLLATE in SQL Statements
    • 11.3.9 COLLATE Clause Precedence
    • 11.3.10 BINARY Operator
    • 11.3.11 Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination Is Tricky
    • 11.3.12 Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set
    • 11.3.13 An Example of the Effect of Collation
  • 11.4 Operations Affected by Character Set Support
    • 11.4.1 Result Strings
    • 11.4.2 CONVERT()
    • 11.4.3 CAST()
    • 11.4.4 SHOW Statements
  • 11.5 Unicode Support
  • 11.6 UTF8 for Metadata
  • 11.7 Compatibility with Other DBMSs
  • 11.8 New Character Set Configuration File Format
  • 11.9 National Character Set
  • 11.10 Upgrading Character Sets from MySQL 4.0
    • 11.10.1 4.0 Character Sets and Corresponding 4.1 Character Set/Collation Pairs
    • 11.10.2 Converting 4.0 Character Columns to 4.1 Format
  • 11.11 Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports
    • 11.11.1 Unicode Character Sets
    • 11.11.2 West European Character Sets
    • 11.11.3 Central European Character Sets
    • 11.11.4 South European and Middle East Character Sets
    • 11.11.5 Baltic Character Sets
    • 11.11.6 Cyrillic Character Sets
    • 11.11.7 Asian Character Sets
• 12 Column Types
  • 12.1 Column Type Overview
    • 12.1.1 Overview of Numeric Types
    • 12.1.2 Overview of Date and Time Types
    • 12.1.3 Overview of String Types
  • 12.2 Numeric Types
  • 12.3 Date and Time Types
    • 12.3.1 The DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP Types
      • 12.3.1.1 TIMESTAMP Properties Prior to MySQL 4.1
      • 12.3.1.2 TIMESTAMP Properties as of MySQL 4.1
    • 12.3.2 The TIME Type
    • 12.3.3 The YEAR Type
    • 12.3.4 Y2K Issues and Date Types
  • 12.4 String Types
    • 12.4.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
    • 12.4.2 The BLOB and TEXT Types
    • 12.4.3 The ENUM Type
    • 12.4.4 The SET Type
  • 12.5 Column Type Storage Requirements
  • 12.6 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
  • 12.7 Using Column Types from Other Database Engines
• 13 Functions and Operators
  • 13.1 Operators
    • 13.1.1 Parentheses
    • 13.1.2 Comparison Operators
    • 13.1.3 Logical Operators
    • 13.1.4 Case-sensitivity Operators
  • 13.2 Control Flow Functions
  • 13.3 String Functions
    • 13.3.1 String Comparison Functions
  • 13.4 Numeric Functions
    • 13.4.1 Arithmetic Operators
    • 13.4.2 Mathematical Functions
  • 13.5 Date and Time Functions
  • 13.6 Full-Text Search Functions
    • 13.6.1 Boolean Full-Text Searches
    • 13.6.2 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
    • 13.6.3 Full-Text Restrictions
    • 13.6.4 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
    • 13.6.5 Full-Text Search TODO
  • 13.7 Cast Functions
  • 13.8 Other Functions
    • 13.8.1 Bit Functions
    • 13.8.2 Encryption Functions
    • 13.8.3 Information Functions
    • 13.8.4 Miscellaneous Functions
  • 13.9 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses
    • 13.9.1 GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions
    • 13.9.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
    • 13.9.3 GROUP BY with Hidden Fields
• 14 SQL Statement Syntax
  • 14.1 Data Manipulation Statements
    • 14.1.1 DELETE Syntax
    • 14.1.2 DO Syntax
    • 14.1.3 HANDLER Syntax
    • 14.1.4 INSERT Syntax
      • 14.1.4.1 INSERT ... SELECT Syntax
      • 14.1.4.2 INSERT DELAYED Syntax
    • 14.1.5 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
    • 14.1.6 REPLACE Syntax
    • 14.1.7 SELECT Syntax
      • 14.1.7.1 JOIN Syntax
      • 14.1.7.2 UNION Syntax
    • 14.1.8 Subquery Syntax
      • 14.1.8.1 The Subquery as Scalar Operand
      • 14.1.8.2 Comparisons Using Subqueries
      • 14.1.8.3 Subqueries with ANY, IN, and SOME
      • 14.1.8.4 Subqueries with ALL
      • 14.1.8.5 Correlated Subqueries
      • 14.1.8.6 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
      • 14.1.8.7 Row Subqueries
      • 14.1.8.8 Subqueries in the FROM clause
      • 14.1.8.9 Subquery Errors
      • 14.1.8.10 Optimizing Subqueries
      • 14.1.8.11 Rewriting Subqueries as Joins for Earlier MySQL Versions
    • 14.1.9 TRUNCATE Syntax
    • 14.1.10 UPDATE Syntax
  • 14.2 Data Definition Statements
    • 14.2.1 ALTER DATABASE Syntax
    • 14.2.2 ALTER TABLE Syntax
    • 14.2.3 CREATE DATABASE Syntax
    • 14.2.4 CREATE INDEX Syntax
    • 14.2.5 CREATE TABLE Syntax
      • 14.2.5.1 Silent Column Specification Changes
    • 14.2.6 DROP DATABASE Syntax
    • 14.2.7 DROP INDEX Syntax
    • 14.2.8 DROP TABLE Syntax
    • 14.2.9 RENAME TABLE Syntax
  • 14.3 MySQL Utility Statements
    • 14.3.1 DESCRIBE Syntax (Get Information About Columns)
    • 14.3.2 USE Syntax
  • 14.4 MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements
    • 14.4.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax
    • 14.4.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
    • 14.4.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
    • 14.4.4 SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Syntax
    • 14.4.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax
    • 14.4.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax
  • 14.5 Database Administration Statements
    • 14.5.1 Account Management Statements
      • 14.5.1.1 DROP USER Syntax
      • 14.5.1.2 GRANT and REVOKE Syntax
      • 14.5.1.3 SET PASSWORD Syntax
    • 14.5.2 Table Maintenance Statements
      • 14.5.2.1 ANALYZE TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.2 BACKUP TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.3 CHECK TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.4 CHECKSUM TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.5 OPTIMIZE TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.6 REPAIR TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.2.7 RESTORE TABLE Syntax
    • 14.5.3 SET and SHOW Syntax
      • 14.5.3.1 SET Syntax
      • 14.5.3.2 SHOW CHARACTER SET Syntax
      • 14.5.3.3 SHOW COLLATION Syntax
      • 14.5.3.4 SHOW COLUMNS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.5 SHOW CREATE DATABASE Syntax
      • 14.5.3.6 SHOW CREATE TABLE Syntax
      • 14.5.3.7 SHOW DATABASES Syntax
      • 14.5.3.8 SHOW ENGINES Syntax
      • 14.5.3.9 SHOW ERRORS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.10 SHOW GRANTS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.11 SHOW INDEX Syntax
      • 14.5.3.12 SHOW INNODB STATUS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.13 SHOW LOGS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.14 SHOW PRIVILEGES Syntax
      • 14.5.3.15 SHOW PROCESSLIST Syntax
      • 14.5.3.16 SHOW STATUS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.17 SHOW TABLE STATUS Syntax
      • 14.5.3.18 SHOW TABLES Syntax
      • 14.5.3.19 SHOW VARIABLES Syntax
      • 14.5.3.20 SHOW WARNINGS Syntax
    • 14.5.4 Other Administrative Statements
      • 14.5.4.1 CACHE INDEX Syntax
      • 14.5.4.2 FLUSH Syntax
      • 14.5.4.3 KILL Syntax
      • 14.5.4.4 LOAD INDEX INTO CACHE Syntax
      • 14.5.4.5 RESET Syntax
  • 14.6 Replication Statements
    • 14.6.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers
      • 14.6.1.1 PURGE MASTER LOGS Syntax
      • 14.6.1.2 RESET MASTER Syntax
      • 14.6.1.3 SET SQL_LOG_BIN Syntax
      • 14.6.1.4 SHOW BINLOG EVENTS Syntax
      • 14.6.1.5 SHOW MASTER LOGS Syntax
      • 14.6.1.6 SHOW MASTER STATUS Syntax
      • 14.6.1.7 SHOW SLAVE HOSTS Syntax
    • 14.6.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers
      • 14.6.2.1 CHANGE MASTER TO Syntax
      • 14.6.2.2 LOAD DATA FROM MASTER Syntax
      • 14.6.2.3 LOAD TABLE tbl_name FROM MASTER Syntax
      • 14.6.2.4 MASTER_POS_WAIT() Syntax
      • 14.6.2.5 RESET SLAVE Syntax
      • 14.6.2.6 SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER Syntax
      • 14.6.2.7 SHOW SLAVE STATUS Syntax
      • 14.6.2.8 START SLAVE Syntax
      • 14.6.2.9 STOP SLAVE Syntax
• 15 MySQL Storage Engines and Table Types
  • 15.1 The MyISAM Storage Engine
    • 15.1.1 MyISAM Startup Options
    • 15.1.2 Space Needed for Keys
    • 15.1.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats
      • 15.1.3.1 Static (Fixed-Length) Table Characteristics
      • 15.1.3.2 Dynamic Table Characteristics
      • 15.1.3.3 Compressed Table Characteristics
    • 15.1.4 MyISAM Table Problems
      • 15.1.4.1 Corrupted MyISAM Tables
      • 15.1.4.2 Problems from Tables Not Being Closed Properly
  • 15.2 The MERGE Storage Engine
    • 15.2.1 MERGE Table Problems
  • 15.3 The MEMORY (HEAP) Storage Engine
  • 15.4 The BDB (BerkeleyDB) Storage Engine
    • 15.4.1 Operating Systems Supported by BDB
    • 15.4.2 Installing BDB
    • 15.4.3 BDB Startup Options
    • 15.4.4 Characteristics of BDB Tables
    • 15.4.5 Things We Need to Fix for BDB
    • 15.4.6 Restrictions on BDB Tables
    • 15.4.7 Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables
  • 15.5 The ISAM Storage Engine
• 16 The InnoDB Storage Engine
  • 16.1 InnoDB Overview
  • 16.2 InnoDB Contact Information
  • 16.3 InnoDB in MySQL 3.23
  • 16.4 InnoDB Configuration
  • 16.5 InnoDB Startup Options
  • 16.6 Creating the InnoDB Tablespace
    • 16.6.1 Dealing with InnoDB Initialization Problems
  • 16.7 Creating InnoDB Tables
    • 16.7.1 How to Use Transactions in InnoDB with Different APIs
    • 16.7.2 Converting MyISAM Tables to InnoDB
    • 16.7.3 How an AUTO_INCREMENT Column Works in InnoDB
    • 16.7.4 FOREIGN KEY Constraints
    • 16.7.5 InnoDB and MySQL Replication
    • 16.7.6 Using Per-Table Tablespaces
  • 16.8 Adding and Removing InnoDB Data and Log Files
  • 16.9 Backing Up and Recovering an InnoDB Database
    • 16.9.1 Forcing Recovery
    • 16.9.2 Checkpoints
  • 16.10 Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine
  • 16.11 InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking
    • 16.11.1 InnoDB and AUTOCOMMIT
    • 16.11.2 InnoDB and TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL
    • 16.11.3 Consistent Non-Locking Read
    • 16.11.4 Locking Reads SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE
    • 16.11.5 Next-Key Locking: Avoiding the Phantom Problem
    • 16.11.6 An Example of How the Consistent Read Works in InnoDB
    • 16.11.7 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
    • 16.11.8 When Does MySQL Implicitly Commit or Roll Back a Transaction?
    • 16.11.9 Deadlock Detection and Rollback
    • 16.11.10 How to Cope with Deadlocks
  • 16.12 InnoDB Performance Tuning Tips
    • 16.12.1 SHOW INNODB STATUS and the InnoDB Monitors
  • 16.13 Implementation of Multi-Versioning
  • 16.14 Table and Index Structures
    • 16.14.1 Physical Structure of an Index
    • 16.14.2 Insert Buffering
    • 16.14.3 Adaptive Hash Indexes
    • 16.14.4 Physical Record Structure
  • 16.15 File Space Management and Disk I/O
    • 16.15.1 Disk I/O
    • 16.15.2 Using Raw Devices for the Tablespace
    • 16.15.3 File Space Management
    • 16.15.4 Defragmenting a Table
  • 16.16 Error Handling
    • 16.16.1 InnoDB Error Codes
    • 16.16.2 Operating System Error Codes
  • 16.17 Restrictions on InnoDB Tables
  • 16.18 InnoDB Troubleshooting
    • 16.18.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
• 17 Introduction to MySQL Cluster
  • 17.1 Overview of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.2 History of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.3 Licensing and Support of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.4 Basic Concepts of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.5 High Availability Features in MySQL Cluster
    • 17.5.1 Node Failure Handling
    • 17.5.2 Node Restart Handling
    • 17.5.3 System Crash Recovery Model
    • 17.5.4 Handling a System Restart
    • 17.5.5 How MySQL Cluster avoids Network Partitioning
    • 17.5.6 On-line Backup of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.6 Configuration of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.7 Process Management in MySQL Cluster
  • 17.8 Management of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.9 Creating NDBCluster Tables
  • 17.10 The Transaction Model for MySQL Cluster
  • 17.11 Record and Index Structures in MySQL Cluster
    • 17.11.1 Fixed Record Structure
    • 17.11.2 Variable Sized Record Parts
    • 17.11.3 BLOB Handling in MySQL Cluster
    • 17.11.4 Hash Index Structure
    • 17.11.5 Structure of the Ordered Index
  • 17.12 Table Access Methods in MySQL Cluster
    • 17.12.1 Primary Key Access
    • 17.12.2 Unique Hash Index Access
    • 17.12.3 Full Table Scan
    • 17.12.4 Range Scan
  • 17.13 Performance Tuning of MySQL Cluster
  • 17.14 Error Handling in MySQL Cluster
  • 17.15 Restrictions on NDBCluster Tables
  • 17.16 Troubleshooting MySQL Cluster
  • 17.17 TODO list for MySQL Cluster
• 18 Introduction to MaxDB
  • 18.1 History of MaxDB
  • 18.2 Licensing and Support
  • 18.3 MaxDB-Related Links
  • 18.4 Basic Concepts of MaxDB
  • 18.5 Feature Differences Between MaxDB and MySQL
  • 18.6 Interoperability Features Between MaxDB and MySQL
  • 18.7 Reserved Words in MaxDB
• 19 Spatial Extensions in MySQL
  • 19.1 Introduction
  • 19.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
    • 19.2.1 The Geometry Class Hierarchy
    • 19.2.2 Class Geometry
    • 19.2.3 Class Point
    • 19.2.4 Class Curve
    • 19.2.5 Class LineString
    • 19.2.6 Class Surface
    • 19.2.7 Class Polygon
    • 19.2.8 Class GeometryCollection
    • 19.2.9 Class MultiPoint
    • 19.2.10 Class MultiCurve
    • 19.2.11 Class MultiLineString
    • 19.2.12 Class MultiSurface
    • 19.2.13 Class MultiPolygon
  • 19.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
    • 19.3.1 Well-Known Text (WKT) Format
    • 19.3.2 Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
  • 19.4 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database
    • 19.4.1 MySQL Spatial Data Types
    • 19.4.2 Creating Spatial Values
      • 19.4.2.1 Creating Geometry Values Using WKT Functions
      • 19.4.2.2 Creating Geometry Values Using WKB Functions
      • 19.4.2.3 Creating Geometry Values Using MySQL-Specific Functions
    • 19.4.3 Creating Spatial Columns
    • 19.4.4 Populating Spatial Columns
    • 19.4.5 Fetching Spatial Data
      • 19.4.5.1 Fetching Spatial Data in Internal Format
      • 19.4.5.2 Fetching Spatial Data in WKT Format
      • 19.4.5.3 Fetching Spatial Data in WKB Format
  • 19.5 Analyzing Spatial Information
    • 19.5.1 Geometry Format Conversion Functions
    • 19.5.2 Geometry Functions
      • 19.5.2.1 General Geometry Functions
      • 19.5.2.2 Point Functions
      • 19.5.2.3 LineString Functions
      • 19.5.2.4 MultiLineString Functions
      • 19.5.2.5 Polygon Functions
      • 19.5.2.6 MultiPolygon Functions
      • 19.5.2.7 GeometryCollection Functions
    • 19.5.3 Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones
      • 19.5.3.1 Geometry Functions That Produce New Geometries
      • 19.5.3.2 Spatial Operators
    • 19.5.4 Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects
    • 19.5.5 Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)
    • 19.5.6 Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries
  • 19.6 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
    • 19.6.1 Creating Spatial Indexes
    • 19.6.2 Using a Spatial Index
  • 19.7 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility
    • 19.7.1 GIS Features That Are Not Yet Implemented
• 20 Stored Procedures and Functions
  • 20.1 Stored Procedure Syntax
    • 20.1.1 Maintaining Stored Procedures
      • 20.1.1.1 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION
      • 20.1.1.2 ALTER PROCEDURE and ALTER FUNCTION
      • 20.1.1.3 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION
      • 20.1.1.4 SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
    • 20.1.2 SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS and SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
    • 20.1.3 CALL
    • 20.1.4 BEGIN ... END Compound Statement
    • 20.1.5 DECLARE Statement
    • 20.1.6 Variables in Stored Procedures
      • 20.1.6.1 DECLARE Local Variables
      • 20.1.6.2 Variable SET Statement
      • 20.1.6.3 SELECT ... INTO Statement
    • 20.1.7 Conditions and Handlers
      • 20.1.7.1 DECLARE Conditions
      • 20.1.7.2 DECLARE Handlers
    • 20.1.8 Cursors
      • 20.1.8.1 Declaring Cursors
      • 20.1.8.2 Cursor OPEN Statement
      • 20.1.8.3 Cursor FETCH Statement
      • 20.1.8.4 Cursor CLOSE Statement
    • 20.1.9 Flow Control Constructs
      • 20.1.9.1 IF Statement
      • 20.1.9.2 CASE Statement
      • 20.1.9.3 LOOP Statement
      • 20.1.9.4 LEAVE Statement
      • 20.1.9.5 ITERATE Statement
      • 20.1.9.6 REPEAT Statement
      • 20.1.9.7 WHILE Statement
• 21 MySQL APIs
  • 21.1 MySQL Program Development Utilities
    • 21.1.1 msql2mysql, Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL
    • 21.1.2 mysql_config, Get compile options for compiling clients
  • 21.2 MySQL C API
    • 21.2.1 C API Data types
    • 21.2.2 C API Function Overview
    • 21.2.3 C API Function Descriptions
      • 21.2.3.1 mysql_affected_rows()
      • 21.2.3.6 mysql_change_user()
      • 21.2.3.11 mysql_character_set_name()
      • 21.2.3.15 mysql_close()
      • 21.2.3.19 mysql_connect()
      • 21.2.3.23 mysql_create_db()
      • 21.2.3.28 mysql_data_seek()
      • 21.2.3.32 mysql_debug()
      • 21.2.3.37 mysql_drop_db()
      • 21.2.3.42 mysql_dump_debug_info()
      • 21.2.3.46 mysql_eof()
      • 21.2.3.51 mysql_errno()
      • 21.2.3.55 mysql_error()
      • 21.2.3.59 mysql_escape_string()
      • 21.2.3.60 mysql_fetch_field()
      • 21.2.3.65 mysql_fetch_fields()
      • 21.2.3.70 mysql_fetch_field_direct()
      • 21.2.3.75 mysql_fetch_lengths()
      • 21.2.3.80 mysql_fetch_row()
      • 21.2.3.85 mysql_field_count()
      • 21.2.3.90 mysql_field_seek()
      • 21.2.3.94 mysql_field_tell()
      • 21.2.3.98 mysql_free_result()
      • 21.2.3.102 mysql_get_client_info()
      • 21.2.3.106 mysql_get_client_version()
      • 21.2.3.110 mysql_get_host_info()
      • 21.2.3.114 mysql_get_proto_info()
      • 21.2.3.118 mysql_get_server_info()
      • 21.2.3.122 mysql_get_server_version()
      • 21.2.3.126 mysql_info()
      • 21.2.3.130 mysql_init()
      • 21.2.3.134 mysql_insert_id()
      • 21.2.3.138 mysql_kill()
      • 21.2.3.142 mysql_list_dbs()
      • 21.2.3.146 mysql_list_fields()
      • 21.2.3.150 mysql_list_processes()
      • 21.2.3.154 mysql_list_tables()
      • 21.2.3.158 mysql_num_fields()
      • 21.2.3.163 mysql_num_rows()
      • 21.2.3.167 mysql_options()
      • 21.2.3.171 mysql_ping()
      • 21.2.3.175 mysql_query()
      • 21.2.3.179 mysql_real_connect()
      • 21.2.3.184 mysql_real_escape_string()
      • 21.2.3.189 mysql_real_query()
      • 21.2.3.193 mysql_reload()
      • 21.2.3.197 mysql_row_seek()
      • 21.2.3.201 mysql_row_tell()
      • 21.2.3.205 mysql_select_db()
      • 21.2.3.209 mysql_set_server_option()
      • 21.2.3.213 mysql_shutdown()
      • 21.2.3.217 mysql_sqlstate()
      • 21.2.3.221 mysql_ssl_set()
      • 21.2.3.224 mysql_stat()
      • 21.2.3.228 mysql_store_result()
      • 21.2.3.232 mysql_thread_id()
      • 21.2.3.236 mysql_use_result()
      • 21.2.3.240 mysql_warning_count()
      • 21.2.3.244 mysql_commit()
      • 21.2.3.248 mysql_rollback()
      • 21.2.3.252 mysql_autocommit()
      • 21.2.3.256 mysql_more_results()
      • 21.2.3.260 mysql_next_result()
    • 21.2.4 C API Prepared Statements
    • 21.2.5 C API Prepared Statement Data types
    • 21.2.6 C API Prepared Statement Function Overview
    • 21.2.7 C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions
      • 21.2.7.1 mysql_stmt_init()
      • 21.2.7.5 mysql_stmt_bind_param()
      • 21.2.7.10 mysql_stmt_bind_result()
      • 21.2.7.15 mysql_stmt_execute()
      • 21.2.7.20 mysql_stmt_fetch()
      • 21.2.7.25 mysql_stmt_fetch_column()
      • 21.2.7.29 mysql_stmt_result_metadata()
      • 21.2.7.34 mysql_stmt_param_count()
      • 21.2.7.39 mysql_stmt_param_metadata()
      • 21.2.7.43 mysql_stmt_prepare()
      • 21.2.7.48 mysql_stmt_send_long_data()
      • 21.2.7.53 mysql_stmt_affected_rows()
      • 21.2.7.58 mysql_stmt_insert_id()
      • 21.2.7.62 mysql_stmt_close()
      • 21.2.7.67 mysql_stmt_data_seek()
      • 21.2.7.71 mysql_stmt_errno()
      • 21.2.7.75 mysql_stmt_error()
      • 21.2.7.79 mysql_stmt_free_result()
      • 21.2.7.83 mysql_stmt_num_rows()
      • 21.2.7.87 mysql_stmt_reset()
      • 21.2.7.91 mysql_stmt_row_seek()
      • 21.2.7.95 mysql_stmt_row_tell()
      • 21.2.7.99 mysql_stmt_sqlstate()
      • 21.2.7.102 mysql_stmt_store_result()
      • 21.2.7.106 mysql_stmt_attr_set()
      • 21.2.7.110 mysql_stmt_attr_get()
    • 21.2.8 C API Handling of Multiple Query Execution
    • 21.2.9 C API Handling of Date and Time Values
    • 21.2.10 C API Threaded Function Descriptions
      • 21.2.10.1 my_init()
      • 21.2.10.4 mysql_thread_init()
      • 21.2.10.7 mysql_thread_end()
      • 21.2.10.10 mysql_thread_safe()
    • 21.2.11 C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions
      • 21.2.11.1 mysql_server_init()
      • 21.2.11.5 mysql_server_end()
    • 21.2.12 Common questions and problems when using the C API
      • 21.2.12.1 Why mysql_store_result() Sometimes Returns NULL After mysql_query() Returns Success
      • 21.2.12.2 What Results You Can Get from a Query
      • 21.2.12.3 How to Get the Unique ID for the Last Inserted Row
      • 21.2.12.4 Problems Linking with the C API
    • 21.2.13 Building Client Programs
    • 21.2.14 How to Make a Threaded Client
    • 21.2.15 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 21.2.15.1 Overview of the Embedded MySQL Server Library
      • 21.2.15.2 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
      • 21.2.15.3 Restrictions when using the Embedded MySQL Server
      • 21.2.15.4 Using Option Files with the Embedded Server
      • 21.2.15.5 Things left to do in Embedded Server (TODO)
      • 21.2.15.6 A Simple Embedded Server Example
      • 21.2.15.7 Licensing the Embedded Server
  • 21.3 MySQL ODBC Support
    • 21.3.1 How to Install MyODBC
    • 21.3.2 How to Fill in the Various Fields in the ODBC Administrator Program
    • 21.3.3 Connect parameters for MyODBC
    • 21.3.4 How to Report Problems with MyODBC
    • 21.3.5 Programs Known to Work with MyODBC
    • 21.3.6 How to Get the Value of an AUTO_INCREMENT Column in ODBC
    • 21.3.7 Reporting Problems with MyODBC
  • 21.4 MySQL Java Connectivity (JDBC)
  • 21.5 MySQL PHP API
    • 21.5.1 Common Problems with MySQL and PHP
  • 21.6 MySQL Perl API
  • 21.7 MySQL C++ API
    • 21.7.1 Borland C++
  • 21.8 MySQL Python API
  • 21.9 MySQL Tcl API
  • 21.10 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
• 22 Error Handling in MySQL
  • 22.1 Error Returns
  • 22.2 Error Messages
• 23 Extending MySQL
  • 23.1 MySQL Internals
    • 23.1.1 MySQL Threads
    • 23.1.2 MySQL Test Suite
      • 23.1.2.1 Running the MySQL Test Suite
      • 23.1.2.2 Extending the MySQL Test Suite
      • 23.1.2.3 Reporting Bugs in the MySQL Test Suite
  • 23.2 Adding New Functions to MySQL
    • 23.2.1 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION Syntax
    • 23.2.2 Adding a New User-defined Function
      • 23.2.2.1 UDF Calling Sequences for simple functions
      • 23.2.2.2 UDF Calling Sequences for aggregate functions
      • 23.2.2.3 Argument Processing
      • 23.2.2.4 Return Values and Error Handling
      • 23.2.2.5 Compiling and Installing User-defined Functions
    • 23.2.3 Adding a New Native Function
  • 23.3 Adding New Procedures to MySQL
    • 23.3.1 Procedure Analyse
    • 23.3.2 Writing a Procedure
• A Problems and Common Errors
  • A.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
  • A.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
    • A.2.1 Access denied
    • A.2.2 Can't connect to [local] MySQL server
    • A.2.3 Client does not support authentication protocol
    • A.2.4 Password Fails When Entered Interactively
    • A.2.5 Host 'host_name' is blocked
    • A.2.6 Too many connections
    • A.2.7 Out of memory
    • A.2.8 MySQL server has gone away
    • A.2.9 Packet too large
    • A.2.10 Communication Errors and Aborted Connections
    • A.2.11 The table is full
    • A.2.12 Can't create/write to file
    • A.2.13 Commands out of sync
    • A.2.14 Ignoring user
    • A.2.15 Table 'tbl_name' doesn't exist
    • A.2.16 Can't initialize character set
    • A.2.17 File Not Found
  • A.3 Installation-Related Issues
    • A.3.1 Problems Linking to the MySQL Client Library
    • A.3.2 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
    • A.3.3 Problems with File Permissions
  • A.4 Administration-Related Issues
    • A.4.1 How to Reset the Root Password
    • A.4.2 What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing
    • A.4.3 How MySQL Handles a Full Disk
    • A.4.4 Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files
    • A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'
    • A.4.6 Time Zone Problems
  • A.5 Query-Related Issues
    • A.5.1 Case Sensitivity in Searches
    • A.5.2 Problems Using DATE Columns
    • A.5.3 Problems with NULL Values
    • A.5.4 Problems with Column Aliases
    • A.5.5 Rollback Failure for Non-Transactional Tables
    • A.5.6 Deleting Rows from Related Tables
    • A.5.7 Solving Problems with No Matching Rows
    • A.5.8 Problems with Floating-Point Comparisons
  • A.6 Optimizer-Related Issues
  • A.7 Table Definition-Related Issues
    • A.7.1 Problems with ALTER TABLE
    • A.7.2 How to Change the Order of Columns in a Table
    • A.7.3 TEMPORARY TABLE Problems
• B Credits
  • B.1 Developers at MySQL AB
  • B.2 Contributors to MySQL
  • B.3 Documenters and translators
  • B.4 Libraries used by and included with MySQL
  • B.5 Packages that support MySQL
  • B.6 Tools that were used to create MySQL
  • B.7 Supporters of MySQL
• C MySQL Change History
  • C.1 Changes in release 5.0.x (Development)
    • C.1.1 Changes in release 5.0.1 (not released yet)
    • C.1.2 Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 Dec 2003: Alpha)
  • C.2 Changes in release 4.1.x (Alpha)
    • C.2.1 Changes in release 4.1.3 (not released yet)
    • C.2.2 Changes in release 4.1.2 (to be released soon)
    • C.2.3 Changes in release 4.1.1 (01 Dec 2003)
    • C.2.4 Changes in release 4.1.0 (03 Apr 2003: Alpha)
  • C.3 Changes in release 4.0.x (Production)
    • C.3.1 Changes in release 4.0.21 (not released yet)
    • C.3.2 Changes in release 4.0.20 (17 May 2004)
    • C.3.3 Changes in release 4.0.19 (04 May 2004)
    • C.3.4 Changes in release 4.0.18 (12 Feb 2004)
    • C.3.5 Changes in release 4.0.17 (14 Dec 2003)
    • C.3.6 Changes in release 4.0.16 (17 Oct 2003)
    • C.3.7 Changes in release 4.0.15 (03 Sep 2003)
    • C.3.8 Changes in release 4.0.14 (18 Jul 2003)
    • C.3.9 Changes in release 4.0.13 (16 May 2003)
    • C.3.10 Changes in release 4.0.12 (15 Mar 2003: Production)
    • C.3.11 Changes in release 4.0.11 (20 Feb 2003)
    • C.3.12 Changes in release 4.0.10 (29 Jan 2003)
    • C.3.13 Changes in release 4.0.9 (09 Jan 2003)
    • C.3.14 Changes in release 4.0.8 (07 Jan 2003)
    • C.3.15 Changes in release 4.0.7 (20 Dec 2002)
    • C.3.16 Changes in release 4.0.6 (14 Dec 2002: Gamma)
    • C.3.17 Changes in release 4.0.5 (13 Nov 2002)
    • C.3.18 Changes in release 4.0.4 (29 Sep 2002)
    • C.3.19 Changes in release 4.0.3 (26 Aug 2002: Beta)
    • C.3.20 Changes in release 4.0.2 (01 Jul 2002)
    • C.3.21 Changes in release 4.0.1 (23 Dec 2001)
    • C.3.22 Changes in release 4.0.0 (Oct 2001: Alpha)
  • C.4 Changes in release 3.23.x (Recent; still supported)
    • C.4.1 Changes in release 3.23.59 (not released yet)
    • C.4.2 Changes in release 3.23.58 (11 Sep 2003)
    • C.4.3 Changes in release 3.23.57 (06 Jun 2003)
    • C.4.4 Changes in release 3.23.56 (13 Mar 2003)
    • C.4.5 Changes in release 3.23.55 (23 Jan 2003)
    • C.4.6 Changes in release 3.23.54 (05 Dec 2002)
    • C.4.7 Changes in release 3.23.53 (09 Oct 2002)
    • C.4.8 Changes in release 3.23.52 (14 Aug 2002)
    • C.4.9 Changes in release 3.23.51 (31 May 2002)
    • C.4.10 Changes in release 3.23.50 (21 Apr 2002)
    • C.4.11 Changes in release 3.23.49
    • C.4.12 Changes in release 3.23.48 (07 Feb 2002)
    • C.4.13 Changes in release 3.23.47 (27 Dec 2001)
    • C.4.14 Changes in release 3.23.46 (29 Nov 2001)
    • C.4.15 Changes in release 3.23.45 (22 Nov 2001)
    • C.4.16 Changes in release 3.23.44 (31 Oct 2001)
    • C.4.17 Changes in release 3.23.43 (04 Oct 2001)
    • C.4.18 Changes in release 3.23.42 (08 Sep 2001)
    • C.4.19 Changes in release 3.23.41 (11 Aug 2001)
    • C.4.20 Changes in release 3.23.40
    • C.4.21 Changes in release 3.23.39 (12 Jun 2001)
    • C.4.22 Changes in release 3.23.38 (09 May 2001)
    • C.4.23 Changes in release 3.23.37 (17 Apr 2001)
    • C.4.24 Changes in release 3.23.36 (27 Mar 2001)
    • C.4.25 Changes in release 3.23.35 (15 Mar 2001)
    • C.4.26 Changes in release 3.23.34a
    • C.4.27 Changes in release 3.23.34 (10 Mar 2001)
    • C.4.28 Changes in release 3.23.33 (09 Feb 2001)
    • C.4.29 Changes in release 3.23.32 (22 Jan 2001: Production)
    • C.4.30 Changes in release 3.23.31 (17 Jan 2001)
    • C.4.31 Changes in release 3.23.30 (04 Jan 2001)
    • C.4.32 Changes in release 3.23.29 (16 Dec 2000)
    • C.4.33 Changes in release 3.23.28 (22 Nov 2000: Gamma)
    • C.4.34 Changes in release 3.23.27 (24 Oct 2000)
    • C.4.35 Changes in release 3.23.26 (18 Oct 2000)
    • C.4.36 Changes in release 3.23.25 (29 Sep 2000)
    • C.4.37 Changes in release 3.23.24 (08 Sep 2000)
    • C.4.38 Changes in release 3.23.23 (01 Sep 2000)
    • C.4.39 Changes in release 3.23.22 (31 Jul 2000)
    • C.4.40 Changes in release 3.23.21
    • C.4.41 Changes in release 3.23.20
    • C.4.42 Changes in release 3.23.19
    • C.4.43 Changes in release 3.23.18
    • C.4.44 Changes in release 3.23.17
    • C.4.45 Changes in release 3.23.16
    • C.4.46 Changes in release 3.23.15 (May 2000: Beta)
    • C.4.47 Changes in release 3.23.14
    • C.4.48 Changes in release 3.23.13
    • C.4.49 Changes in release 3.23.12 (07 Mar 2000)
    • C.4.50 Changes in release 3.23.11
    • C.4.51 Changes in release 3.23.10
    • C.4.52 Changes in release 3.23.9
    • C.4.53 Changes in release 3.23.8 (02 Jan 2000)
    • C.4.54 Changes in release 3.23.7 (10 Dec 1999)
    • C.4.55 Changes in release 3.23.6
    • C.4.56 Changes in release 3.23.5 (20 Oct 1999)
    • C.4.57 Changes in release 3.23.4 (28 Sep 1999)
    • C.4.58 Changes in release 3.23.3
    • C.4.59 Changes in release 3.23.2 (09 Aug 1999)
    • C.4.60 Changes in release 3.23.1
    • C.4.61 Changes in release 3.23.0 (05 Aug 1999: Alpha)
  • C.5 Changes in release 3.22.x (Old; discontinued)
    • C.5.1 Changes in release 3.22.35
    • C.5.2 Changes in release 3.22.34
    • C.5.3 Changes in release 3.22.33
    • C.5.4 Changes in release 3.22.32 (14 Feb 2000)
    • C.5.5 Changes in release 3.22.31
    • C.5.6 Changes in release 3.22.30
    • C.5.7 Changes in release 3.22.29 (02 Jan 2000)
    • C.5.8 Changes in release 3.22.28 (20 Oct 1999)
    • C.5.9 Changes in release 3.22.27
    • C.5.10 Changes in release 3.22.26 (16 Sep 1999)
    • C.5.11 Changes in release 3.22.25
    • C.5.12 Changes in release 3.22.24 (05 Jul 1999)
    • C.5.13 Changes in release 3.22.23 (08 Jun 1999)
    • C.5.14 Changes in release 3.22.22 (30 Apr 1999)
    • C.5.15 Changes in release 3.22.21
    • C.5.16 Changes in release 3.22.20 (18 Mar 1999)
    • C.5.17 Changes in release 3.22.19 (Mar 1999: Production)
    • C.5.18 Changes in release 3.22.18
    • C.5.19 Changes in release 3.22.17
    • C.5.20 Changes in release 3.22.16 (Feb 1999: Gamma)
    • C.5.21 Changes in release 3.22.15
    • C.5.22 Changes in release 3.22.14
    • C.5.23 Changes in release 3.22.13
    • C.5.24 Changes in release 3.22.12
    • C.5.25 Changes in release 3.22.11
    • C.5.26 Changes in release 3.22.10
    • C.5.27 Changes in release 3.22.9
    • C.5.28 Changes in release 3.22.8
    • C.5.29 Changes in release 3.22.7 (Sep 1998: Beta)
    • C.5.30 Changes in release 3.22.6
    • C.5.31 Changes in release 3.22.5
    • C.5.32 Changes in release 3.22.4
    • C.5.33 Changes in release 3.22.3
    • C.5.34 Changes in release 3.22.2
    • C.5.35 Changes in release 3.22.1 (Jun 1998: Alpha)
    • C.5.36 Changes in release 3.22.0
  • C.6 Changes in release 3.21.x
    • C.6.1 Changes in release 3.21.33
    • C.6.2 Changes in release 3.21.32
    • C.6.3 Changes in release 3.21.31
    • C.6.4 Changes in release 3.21.30
    • C.6.5 Changes in release 3.21.29
    • C.6.6 Changes in release 3.21.28
    • C.6.7 Changes in release 3.21.27
    • C.6.8 Changes in release 3.21.26
    • C.6.9 Changes in release 3.21.25
    • C.6.10 Changes in release 3.21.24
    • C.6.11 Changes in release 3.21.23
    • C.6.12 Changes in release 3.21.22
    • C.6.13 Changes in release 3.21.21a
    • C.6.14 Changes in release 3.21.21
    • C.6.15 Changes in release 3.21.20
    • C.6.16 Changes in release 3.21.19
    • C.6.17 Changes in release 3.21.18
    • C.6.18 Changes in release 3.21.17
    • C.6.19 Changes in release 3.21.16
    • C.6.20 Changes in release 3.21.15
    • C.6.21 Changes in release 3.21.14b
    • C.6.22 Changes in release 3.21.14a
    • C.6.23 Changes in release 3.21.13
    • C.6.24 Changes in release 3.21.12
    • C.6.25 Changes in release 3.21.11
    • C.6.26 Changes in release 3.21.10
    • C.6.27 Changes in release 3.21.9
    • C.6.28 Changes in release 3.21.8
    • C.6.29 Changes in release 3.21.7
    • C.6.30 Changes in release 3.21.6
    • C.6.31 Changes in release 3.21.5
    • C.6.32 Changes in release 3.21.4
    • C.6.33 Changes in release 3.21.3
    • C.6.34 Changes in release 3.21.2
    • C.6.35 Changes in release 3.21.0
  • C.7 Changes in release 3.20.x
    • C.7.1 Changes in release 3.20.18
    • C.7.2 Changes in release 3.20.17
    • C.7.3 Changes in release 3.20.16
    • C.7.4 Changes in release 3.20.15
    • C.7.5 Changes in release 3.20.14
    • C.7.6 Changes in release 3.20.13
    • C.7.7 Changes in release 3.20.11
    • C.7.8 Changes in release 3.20.10
    • C.7.9 Changes in release 3.20.9
    • C.7.10 Changes in release 3.20.8
    • C.7.11 Changes in release 3.20.7
    • C.7.12 Changes in release 3.20.6
    • C.7.13 Changes in release 3.20.3
    • C.7.14 Changes in release 3.20.0
  • C.8 Changes in release 3.19.x
    • C.8.1 Changes in release 3.19.5
    • C.8.2 Changes in release 3.19.4
    • C.8.3 Changes in release 3.19.3
  • C.9 InnoDB Change History
    • C.9.1 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.21, not released yet
    • C.9.2 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.2, not released yet
    • C.9.3 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.20, May 18, 2004
    • C.9.4 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.19, May 4, 2004
    • C.9.5 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.18, February 13, 2004
    • C.9.6 MySQL/InnoDB-5.0.0, December 24, 2003
    • C.9.7 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.17, December 17, 2003
    • C.9.8 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.1, December 4, 2003
    • C.9.9 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.16, October 22, 2003
    • C.9.10 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.58, September 15, 2003
    • C.9.11 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.15, September 10, 2003
    • C.9.12 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.14, July 22, 2003
    • C.9.13 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.57, June 20, 2003
    • C.9.14 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.13, May 20, 2003
    • C.9.15 MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.0, April 3, 2003
    • C.9.16 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.56, March 17, 2003
    • C.9.17 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.12, March 18, 2003
    • C.9.18 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.11, February 25, 2003
    • C.9.19 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.10, February 4, 2003
    • C.9.20 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.55, January 24, 2003
    • C.9.21 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.9, January 14, 2003
    • C.9.22 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.8, January 7, 2003
    • C.9.23 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.7, December 26, 2002
    • C.9.24 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.6, December 19, 2002
    • C.9.25 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.54, December 12, 2002
    • C.9.26 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.5, November 18, 2002
    • C.9.27 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.53, October 9, 2002
    • C.9.28 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.4, October 2, 2002
    • C.9.29 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.3, August 28, 2002
    • C.9.30 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.52, August 16, 2002
    • C.9.31 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.2, July 10, 2002
    • C.9.32 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.51, June 12, 2002
    • C.9.33 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.50, April 23, 2002
    • C.9.34 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.49, February 17, 2002
    • C.9.35 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.48, February 9, 2002
    • C.9.36 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.47, December 28, 2001
    • C.9.37 MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.1, December 23, 2001
    • C.9.38 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.46, November 30, 2001
    • C.9.39 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.45, November 23, 2001
    • C.9.40 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.44, November 2, 2001
    • C.9.41 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.43, October 4, 2001
    • C.9.42 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.42, September 9, 2001
    • C.9.43 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.41, August 13, 2001
    • C.9.44 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.40, July 16, 2001
    • C.9.45 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.39, June 13, 2001
    • C.9.46 MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.38, May 12, 2001
• D Porting to Other Systems
  • D.1 Debugging a MySQL Server
    • D.1.1 Compiling MySQL for Debugging
    • D.1.2 Creating Trace Files
    • D.1.3 Debugging mysqld under gdb
    • D.1.4 Using a Stack Trace
    • D.1.5 Using Log Files to Find Cause of Errors in mysqld
    • D.1.6 Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption
  • D.2 Debugging a MySQL Client
  • D.3 The DBUG Package
  • D.4 Comments about RTS Threads
  • D.5 Differences Between Thread Packages
• E Environment Variables
• F MySQL Regular Expressions
• G GNU General Public License
• H MySQL FOSS License Exception
• SQL Command, Type, and Function Index
• Concept Index

This document was generated on 27 May 2004 using the texi2html translator version 1.52 (extended by [email protected]).